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读书 | 贞观之治与《贞观政要》

社会存在决定社会意识,历俟出现繁兴昌隆、国泰民阜的太平盛世,会出现摹和状绘太平盛世的书籍典章,此种情况在中外历史上屡见不鲜,国唐代“贞观之治”与《贞观政要》便是很说服力的一例。

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公元627年至649年这23年期间,是我国封建社会发展历程中非常辉煌的年代,这就是被宋代以后政治家和史学家所高度褒扬的“贞观之治”期。“贞观”,是唐太李世民掌控皇时所用的年号,“贞观之治”是后世史家们对唐太宗在位时经济、政治和文化方面所取得的就及当时社会风貌的总体称誉。关于“贞观之治”,史家们有激赏和评骘,而以宋代史家褒誉尤甚,《新唐书》的总编撰宋祁、欧修等啧啧称赞道:“盛哉,太宗之烈!其除隋之乱,比迹汤、武;致治之美,庶几成、康。自古功德兼隆,由汉以来未之有也”,而五代史家刘昫、赵莹等人也不吝赞美之词:“贞观之风,至今歌咏!”(《旧唐书•太宗纪》)已故美籍华裔历史学家黄仁宇曾经说过:只有把历史拉开一段距离后,才能对其得更加清楚。如果把刘昫、赵莹等人所说的“贞观之风”的“风”为唐太宗在位期间的政治作风、人文风尚和社会风貌的话,么,后人对这段历史进行细致梳理、入总结和客观评论,无疑是要比对李世民本人进行解读评价更有意义。近现代以来一到上个世纪70年代末,中外出版了近十本有关李世民的传记,然多为普及读物,八十年代至今有袁英光、王界云所著的《唐太宗传》,赵克尧、许道勋的同名著和胡如雷的《李世民传》,这三部书均属学术专著,各有侧重,各有其长。但在漫长历史时段内,全面审视书写“贞观之治”的书籍,寥若晨星。

第一部探究阐述“贞观之治”的史书是在“贞观之治”结束后的八九十年,即唐玄宗开元晚期,由被时人称为董狐式的史家吴兢写的《贞观政要》一书。这本卷帙虽小内涵却深的《贞观政要》,采用了一种特殊体裁和表达方法,即按若干专题写就编撰。全书共10卷40篇,每篇均为一个专题。其篇目及编次如下:君道、政体;任贤、求谏、纳谏;君臣鉴戒、择戒太子诸王、规谏太子;仁义、忠义、孝、公平、诚信;俭约、谦让、仁恻、慎鄙、慎所、慎语、杜谗邪、悔过、奢纵、贪鄙;崇儒、文史、礼;务农、刑法、赦令、贡赋、辩兴亡;征伐、安边;行幸、畋猎、灾祥、慎终。从内上看,每卷分别有一个主题,即为君之道、求贤纳谏、君臣关系、教戒太子、道德规范、正身修德、文化政策、刑法贡赋、征伐安边、善始慎终。用作者吴兢的话来说,《贞观政要》的主要内容是“人伦之纪备矣,军国之政存焉”。作者认为:“太宗时政化,良足可观,振古而来,未之有也。”吴兢写此书的出发点,就是期望唐玄宗李隆基“择善面行,引而伸之,触类而长之”,“行之而有恒之,思之而不倦”,进而达到“贞观巍巍之化可得而致”的目的。《贞观政要》和《旧唐书》《新唐书》《资治通鉴》等有关贞观政事的史籍典册相比,较为详备精细,成为研究唐朝初期政治嬗变和李世民、魏征等人政治思想的重要资料。特别是书中所提出的“君于国,国依于民”的民本思想,务实求治、与民休息、重视农业、发展生产的施政方针,“爱之如一”、公允持平的民族政策,用人举贤与能的科学主张,广开言路的开明施政,尊儒重教的文化政策,仁德先行、省刑慎罚的统治策略,以及俭约慎行、善始慎终的道德要求,等等,使其在某种程度上成为那个时代中国实施封建统治的战略和策略、理论和实践相结合的政治经典。

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一部言简意赅的《贞观政要》当然不可能详尽地反映“贞观之治”的整体面貌,但其客观上的确将开启中国传统农业社会鼎盛时期的“贞观之治”的历史影响,疏导植入后世统治者和大大小小官吏头脑之中。特别是吴兢以“为君之道”开篇,以“慎终”终卷,中间略述各项政策及其实施,贯穿着唐太宗与魏征、房玄龄、杜如晦等大臣的问对、辩论,对后世极富有启发性。因此,《贞观政要》一书特别受到其后诸多封建统治者的青睐与重视。唐宣宗作为晚唐时期一位很有作为的皇帝,史家对他评价较,说宣宗统治时期,“刑政不滥,贤能效用,百揆岳,穆若清风,十余年间,颂声载路。”(《旧唐书•宣宗纪》)这虽不免有溢美夸耀之词,但也的确反映出这一时期唐代政治面貌的基本状况。也正是这位唐宣宗“书《贞观政要》于屏风,每正色拱手而读之”,把《贞观政要》作为修政笃政的必读书加以对待。《贞观政要》通过唐宣宗对当时天下官员仕子们产生了较大影响。宋、辽、金、元四朝高统治者,也都非常重视《贞观政要》一书,后三朝还把它译成了本民族文字并昭告皇室成员和满朝文武官员们认真研读。

当然,无论是唐宣宗、辽兴宗、金熙宗,还是金世宗、元仁宗等,都没有缔造出类似唐太宗“贞观之治”的盛世隆局,后人也没有理由更无必要苛求他们取得如此成就,因为“贞观之治”是综合因素的结果。但是这里有一点是贯穿其间的,即他们都曾经试图以《贞观政要》所反映的“贞观之治”为镜鉴和楷模,以开辟一个良好的政治局面和社会风貌。而《贞观政要》能在多大程度上他们以启发和帮助,他们究竟能在多大程度上实现了自己的目标,却是各不相同的。

(作者系黑龙江省中国特色社会主义理论体系研究中心特聘研究员)

作者:刘金祥

文:刘金祥 编辑:怡倩 责任编辑:朱自奋

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